History Exam Review

Civilizations Final Exam Preparation

hieroglyphs: Egyptian picture writing

citizen: a man who was born in Athens or Rome to free parents; his rights included being able to vote, own property, and hold an office. His responsibilities were to serve in the army and pay taxes.

slave: could be either men or women; people became slaves if their side lost in a war. Slaves could also be bought from other places or taken as babies if their parents were unable or unwilling to keep them. Slaves had no rights.

direct democracy: the citizens can vote directly for the laws they approve of . Ancient Greece had this kind of democracy.

representative democracy: a government in which the citizens elect representatives to make laws. Ancient Rome and the U.S. have this kind of democracy

senate: the governing body of Rome who made the laws; members were called senators.

acropolis: the highest hill in a city on which was built the temple to that city’s patron god or goddess. The Parthenon was Athen’s temple in honor of Athena.

colosseum: the huge, round sports arena in Rome.

mosaic: a picture made of small tiles used in Rome to decorate floors

Zeus: the Greek king of the gods; his Roman name was Jupiter.

Hermes: the messenger of the gods; his Roman name was Mercury.

Athena: the goddess of wisdom and war

Columns: Ionic, Doric and Corinthian

Agoge, Krypteia, Phalanx,xenia,tragedy,agora

1. The country of Greece is made of peninsulas and islands. It is very mountainous. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea on the south. Its capital is Athens which was named for Athena.

2. Rome is the capital of present-day Italy. Italy is a peninsula and two large islands. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea. The Tiber River flows through the city of Rome.

3. Both Greece and Italy have a Mediterranean climate. This means it is hot and dry in the summer and cool and wet in the winter.

4. Crops were planted in October because that is when the rainy season began. The three main crops were olives for oil, grapes for wine, and grains (barley and wheat) for bread. Fruits and vegetables were grown too. The animals that were raised included goats for milk and cheese, sheep for wool, pigs, chickens, oxen to pull plows and carts, and horses. The horses were raised to provide mounts for the army. Seafood was harvested from the sea.

5. Only boys attended school. They learned to read, write, and add and subtract. They also were taught various sports. Girls were taught housekeeping skills at home, and may also have learned to play a musical instrument.

6. The ancient Greeks and Romans believed in many gods and goddesses. They made up stories called “myths” to explain how things come to be the way they are in the world. For example, the myth of Arachne explains the origin of spiders. The story of Pandora tells how trouble came into the world.

7. The Olympic games began in ancient Greece. They were held every four years and included 6 events: running, horse racing, wrestling, boxing, chariot racing, and the pentathlon. In Rome, people’s tastes in sports were quite violent. Chariot races were held in the Circus Maximus. Gladiators (trained fighters) fought one another and wild animals in the Colosseum, a huge, round sports arena.

8. We get the use of columns or pillars from the Greeks. The Romans invented the use of domes and arches. You can see these influences in many of our public buildings, especially in Washington, D.C. The Romans were also the first to use aqueducts, or long, arched waterways used to bring water into the bathhouses and fountains of Rome.

Alexander the Greats 3 major accomplishments.

What were creating a large empire, founding many cities, spreading Greek culture, not losing any battles, building the lighthouse at Alexandria?

This city-state that had a military way of life.

Sparta

Sparta and Athens temporarily joined forces for this reason.

What was to keep the Persians from overtaking Greece?

These are the names of the two largest Greek islands in the Aegean Sea.

What are Crete and Rhodes?

This is the type of play based on past events that is about suffering and usually has a sad ending.

Tragedy

List of other items to study for:

Prometheus

Julius Caesar

Trading routes and trade importance to city states like Athens and Rome

Perseus

Theseus

Rosetta Stone

Odysseus

Trojan War

Olympic Games

Pompeii

Creation myths

Gladiators

Public Speaking

Xenia

Social Classes

Barbarians